Formations and Manoeuvres: Difference between revisions

* '''Mutual Support:''' Aircraft in formation can provide visual and radar support to each other, enhancing overall situational awareness.

The flight lead assigns responsibilities for each flightmember. Dividing responsibilities ensures each pilot has a manageable number of tasks to perform. Flight member normal responsibilities are as follows:

Line Abreast formation is a position 0 to 20 degrees aft; 4,000 to 12,000 feet spacing; with altitude separation. (See Below Figure, Two-Ship Line Abreast Formation.) At low altitude, the wingman should fly no lower than lead.  

[[File:Two-Ship LAB V.png|frameless|675x675px]]

This formation, flown as a two-ship, gives the wingman a maneuvering cone from 30 to 60 degrees aft of line abreast and lateral spacing between 500 to 3,000 feet. Number Two maneuvers off lead and uses cutoff as necessary to maintain position. This formation is employed in situations where maximum maneuvering potential is desired. Arenas for use include holding in a tactical environment or maneuvering around obstacles or clouds. (See Below Figure, Fighting Wing Formation.)

[[File:Fighting Wing.png|frameless|515x515px]]

Wedge positions the wingman 30 to 60 degrees aft of the leader's 3/9 line, 3,000 to 6,000 feet back. The flight lead may extend the formation spacing out to 12,000 feet to meet particular situations or requirements. (See Below Figure, Two-Ship Wedge.)  

[[File:Two-Ship Wedge.png|frameless|750x750px]]

There may be occasions when a priority mission requires maximum available aircraft and a three-ship is the only alternative. Mutual support requirements to ensure survivability and recovery are paramount; therefore, a three-ship contingency should be briefed on all four-ship missions. On these occasions, the following three-ship formation discussion is applicable.

Lead flies 1.5 to 2 NM in front of the trailing element. The lead aircraft maneuvers as desired. The trailing element uses line abreast maneuvering to follow. (See Below Figure, Three-Ship Vic Formation.)

[[File:Three-Ship Vic.png|frameless|620x620px]]

This is the same as Fluid Four with one aircraft missing. If the three-ship is caused by one aircraft falling out from a briefed four-ship, the following position changes should be followed: if lead falls out, Number Three assumes lead and Number Two moves to line abreast; if Number Three falls out, Number Four moves up to line abreast; if Number Two or Number Four fall out, there are no changes. (See Below Figure, Three-Ship Fluid Three.)

[[File:Three-Ship Fluid Three.png|frameless|690x690px]]

This is the same as Spread Four with one aircraft missing. Roles and responsibilities caused by fall out from a four-ship are the same as Fluid Three. (See Below Figure, Three-Ship Spread Three.)

[[File:Three-Ship Spread Three.png|frameless|690x690px]]

This is the same as Viper Four with one aircraft missing. Roles and responsibilities caused by fall out from a four-ship are the same as Fluid Three. (See Below Figure, Three-Ship Viper Three.)

[[File:Three-Ship Viper Three.png|frameless|689x689px]]

The four-ship is under the control of one flight lead and is employed as a single entity until such time as it is forced to separate into two elements. At no time should an element sacrifice element integrity attempting to maintain the four-ship formation. Each two-ship element should have its own radar and visual plan so that no changes will be required if the four-ship is split into two-ships.

In Box formation, elements use the line abreast maneuvering and look-out principles. The trailing element takes 1.5 to 3 NM separation, depending on terrain and weather. The objective of the spacing is to give separation to avoid easy visual detection of the whole formation, while positioning the rear element in a good position to immediately engage an enemy converting on the lead element. Because the F-16 is difficult to see from a direct trail position, a slight offset will facilitate keeping sight of the lead element. Use of A/A tactical air navigation (TACAN) between the elements, and the radar in the rear element, will help keep the proper spacing. Element leaders initiate formation maneuvers. Number Three maneuvers to achieve pre-briefed spacing on the lead element (based on threat, mission, and weather). Flight leads may modify wingmen position to Wedge or Fighting Wing if desired. (See Below Figure, Four-Ship Offset Box.)

[[File:Four-Ship Offset Box.png|frameless|706x706px]]

Element leads fly line abreast, with wingmen in Fighting Wing or Wedge (as briefed) on the outside of the formation. Number Three maneuvers off Number One. Num- ber Two and Number Four maneuver off their element leaders to maintain the outside of the formation. Element leads are responsible for deconfliction of elements when crossing the opposing element's 6 o'clock. At medium altitude, wingmen should stack away from the other element when turning. (See Below Figure, Fluid Four Formation.)

[[File:Four-Ship Fluid Four.png|frameless|839x839px]]

Element leads maintain line abreast, wingmen position themselves 0 to 30 degrees back from their element leads and 6,000 to 9,000 feet spread. Each element uses fluid maneuvering. Number Three flies off Number One (similar to Fluid Four). The elements are not always required to be line abreast. On some occasions they may be briefly in trail. (See Below Figure, Spread Four Formation.)

[[File:Four-Ship Spread Four.png|frameless|840x840px]]

Element leads maintain line abreast, wingmen position themselves 0 to 30 degrees back from their element leads and 4,000 to 6,000 feet spread; this is the same as Spread Four, but wingmen fly a tighter position. (See Below Figure, Viper Four Formation.)

[[File:Four-Ship Viper Four.png|frameless|840x840px]]

'''Brevity Call'''  

#Lead: Flight, go Line Abreast.

[[File:Four-Ship LAB.png|frameless|970x970px]]

'''Brevity Call'''

#Lead: Flight, go Fingertip Left/Right.

[[File:Four-Ship Fingertip.png|frameless|640x640px]]

Same as Fingertip but with more spacing up

#In position - Element Wingman: 4, In position.

'''Brevity Call'''

#Lead: Flight, go Echelon Left/Right.

[[File:Four-Ship Echelon.png|frameless|730x730px]]

'''Brevity Call'''

#Lead: Flight, go Trail Left/Right.

[[File:Four-Ship Trail.png|frameless|730x730px]]

'''Brevity Call'''

#Lead: Flight, go Ladder.

#In position - Element Wingman: 4, In position.

'''Brevity Call'''

#Lead: Flight, go Stack.

#In position - Element Wingman: 4, In position.

Turns may be communicated with either the radio or visual signals. Line Abreast formations compensate for inherent maneuvering problems with specialized pre-briefed procedures. These include the type of turns to be made, the parameters at which these turns will be made, and the method by which these turns will be initiated. The turns consist of 45- to 90-degree delayed turns, in-place turns, cross turns, weaves, and check turns. The parameters for the turns are briefed by each flight leader and usually consist of the speed, “G,” and the power required in the turn. The method of turn initiation is generally by radio call, wing flash, or check turn. There are two ways to initiated the manoeuvers, via Communication or via Signal.

'''''Normally at Mil power and use 2 G to maintain airspeed.'''''

'''Brevity Call'''

#Pre Maneuver - Lead: Flight, Delayed 45 Left/Right.

[[File:Two-Ship Delay 45 Left.png|frameless|541x541px]][[File:Two-Ship Delay 45 Right.png|frameless|541x541px]]

'''Brevity Call'''

#Pre Maneuver - Lead: Flight, Cross Turn.

'''Brevity Call'''

#Pre Maneuver - Lead: Flight, In Place 90 Left/Right.

#Initiate Maneuver - Lead: Go/Now.

'''Brevity Call'''

#Pre Maneuver - Lead: Flight, Shackle.

#Initiate Maneuver - Lead: Go/Now.

'''Brevity Call'''

#Pre Maneuver - Lead: Flight, Hook Left/Right.

[[File:Two-Ship Hook.png|frameless|660x660px]]

(e.g., Flight, Cross Turn with Shackle)

[[Category:SOPs]]